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                <h2 id="6-6-session和cookie自动登录机制"><a class="header-anchor" href="#6-6-session和cookie自动登录机制"></a>6-6 session和cookie自动登录机制</h2>
<p>因为HTTP 协议是无状态的协议，它的请求很单一，就是请求过来了就返回不区分发出请求的对象是谁，所以引出了 cookie。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p><code>cookie</code> 实际上是浏览器的本地存储机制，是本地的状态，储存在浏览器中，跟服务器是没有关系的。因为 <code>cookie</code> 的本地存储机制，所以它可以存储很多机制，比如用户名密码，存储服务器返回的任何信息。<code>cookie</code> 存储的信息是放在对应<strong>域名</strong>之下的，每个域名之下的 key、value 是不能互相访问的。</p>
<p>存储了 <code>cookie</code> 之后，浏览器在每次访问域名的时候会将存在 <code>cookie</code> 中的键值对发送给服务器，服务器就可以看到浏览器自带的信息过来（这些信息实际上也是之前服务器返回给浏览器的，或者用户的特征信息），这就是 <code>cookie</code> 的机制。</p>
<p>但是 cookie 有种不安全性，一但被窃取，用户信息就会完全暴露，正是由于这种考虑服务器在返回 <code>id</code>的时候用到了 <code>session</code>的机制。session 机制其实很简单，它其实就是<strong>根据用户名和密码生成一串随机字符串</strong>叫做 <code>session_id</code>，这段字符串是有过期时间的，session_id 是服务器生成的，是存储在服务器端的，让后将 session_id 发送给用户，浏览器将 session_id 存储在 cookie 当中，之后浏览器每次向服务器发送请求的时候都会带上 session_id，服务器通过 session_id 在数据库中查询，（如果 session_id 存在数据库中）就可以确认发送请求浏览器的用户。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>浏览器 cookie 中储存的 session_id：</p>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144634.jpg" alt="image-20190317090256057"></p>
<p>服务器的 django_session 数据表（上文中的 session_id 就是下图中的 session_key）：</p>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144646.jpg" alt="image-20190317090017667"></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="6-7-用户注册"><a class="header-anchor" href="#6-7-用户注册"></a>6-7 用户注册</h2>
<p>需要用到一个专门用于验证码的库 django-simple-captcha：</p>
<ul>
<li>github：<a href="https://github.com/mbi/django-simple-captcha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/mbi/django-simple-captcha</a></li>
<li>文档地址：<a href="https://django-simple-captcha.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://django-simple-captcha.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html</a></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>
<p>安装 django-simple-captcha 库:（依赖于<code>PIL</code> 和<code>Pillow</code>库，所以这两个也要装）</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">pip install  django-simple-captcha
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 <a href="http://settings.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">settings.py</a> 文件的 <code>INSTALLED_APP</code>中添加：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">INSTALLED_APPS = [
	...
    'captcha',
]
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 <a href="http://urls.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urls.py</a> 中添加入口：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">urlpatterns += [
    url(r'^captcha/', include('captcha.urls')),
]
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>数据库迁移：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">python manage.py makmigration
python manage.py migrate
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 <a href="http://views.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">views.py</a> 视图函数中调用：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">class RegisterView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        register_form = RegisterForm()
        return render(request, 'register.html', {'register_form': register_form})
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在前端 html 页面中调用：</p>
<pre><code class="language-jinja2">{{ register_form.captcha }}
</code></pre>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144648.jpg" alt="image-20190317151354374"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>页面检验效果如下所示：</p>
<p>用户看到的验证码输入后，django 会根据<mark>输入的值和hashkey</mark>（下面图中的 value 就是 hashkey）去 captcha_captchastore 数据库中查询，判断验证码输入的是否正确，返回响应。</p>
<p><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144651.jpg" alt="image-20190317150643778"><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144654.jpg" alt="image-20190317150545759"><img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144656.jpg" alt="image-20190317150508325"></p>
<ul>
<li><code>id_captcha_0</code>：是用户填的验证码</li>
<li><code>id_captcha_1</code>：是 <code>hashkey</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="6-10-用户注册"><a class="header-anchor" href="#6-10-用户注册"></a>6-10 用户注册</h2>
<p>问题：想在前端表单保留用户输入，比如：用户填入了账号密码进行注册，但是可能格式不对没有注册成功，服务器返回的页面中依然保留着用户上次填写的内容</p>
<p>解决方案有两种：</p>
<ol>
<li><code>register_form.email.value</code>（register_form 为视图函数传给的 html 的表单名称，email 为表字段名称）<br>
这样取值可以达到效果，但是会引发问题：就是第一次进入注册页面的时候表单内会自动填写 None，email 和 password 都会是 None，这样看起来很不好。<br>
原因：在 RegisterView 类的 get 方法中因为验证码传输的需要，给模板传入了 register_form，所以导致前端字段自动获取到了 None 字段。</li>
<li><code>register_form.data.email</code><br>
这种方法完美解决问题，不会出现第一种方法的错误，因为第一次传入的 register_form 的 data 为<code>{}</code><br>
<img src="https://klause-blog-pictures.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/2019-05-14-144658.jpg" alt="image-20190317174018374"></li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>附加功能</strong>：为登录页面添加验证码</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>首先为 /imooc/apps/users/forms.py 中的登录表单 LoginForm 添加 captcha 字段：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">class LoginForm(forms.Form):
    username = forms.CharField(required=True, max_length=32, min_length=3)
    password = forms.CharField(required=True, min_length=8)
    captcha = CaptchaField(error_messages={'invalid': '验证码错误'})
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 /imooc/apps/users/views.py 视图函数中给 login.html 模板添加空的 <code>login_form</code> 表单，目的是为了传递验证码：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">class LoginView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        login_form = LoginForm()
        return render(request, 'login.html', {'login_form': login_form})
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>在 login.html 模板中添加 <code>login_form</code> 的<strong>验证码</strong>和<strong>点击验证码刷新事件</strong>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;div class=&quot;form-group marb8 captcha1 &quot; onclick=&quot;refresh_captcha()&quot;&gt;
	&lt;label&gt;验&amp;nbsp;证&amp;nbsp;码&lt;/label&gt;
	{{ login_form.captcha }}
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>refresh_captcha() ：在 js 文件 login.js 已经定义可以直接调用。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>附加功能</strong>：密码充值页面表单的提交按钮失效，重做</p>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;form id=&quot;reset_password_form&quot; action=&quot;{% url 'modify_pwd' %}&quot; method=&quot;post&quot;&gt;
    ...
    &lt;li class=&quot;button&quot;&gt;
        &lt;input type=&quot;button&quot; value=&quot;提交&quot; onclick=&quot;reset_password_form_submit()&quot;&gt;
    &lt;/li&gt;
    ...
&lt;/form&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>失效是因为 <code>reset_password_form_submit()</code> 没有被定义，所以在 html 最下端新建一个 <code>script</code>里定义就可以了。</p>
<pre><code class="language-html">&lt;script&gt;
    function reset_password_form_submit() {
        document.getElementById(&quot;reset_password_form&quot;).submit();
    }
&lt;/script&gt;
</code></pre>
</blockquote>

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